Slve trades and industrial revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Slve trades and industrial revolution - Essay Example A farmer who produced for his family did not require a market but when the extra pig or eggs were taken to the local market to sell in exchange of coin, a market system came into existence. This coin was used to buy cloth for the family. The capital was now better employed because it could produce something. The market started penetrating material life, the peasant started having an income with which to buy goods, and the labor and land became subject to the market process. The capitalist could then hire labor and rent the land in order to reduce costs by operating on a larger scale than just for the family. The organization of capital changed but the people are not capitalists. Everyone is a worker or a small business man producing commodities. Small businesses sell their services or their produce in exchange for some money while the capitalist starts by borrowing money to produce a commodity and sell it for money. This requires input of labor, raw material and other inputs and the intention is profit. This is the social surplus, the new form that the capital took since 1400. The Atlantic slave trade that started as a trickle in 1440s grew gradually through 17th century. By 1780 an average of 80000 African slaves arrived on American shores (MSN, 2006). Slaves were the greatest exports at one point of time. The plantation slavery in the Americas and the Atlantic slave trade became important to the global expansion of capitalism. When technology was introduced in farming labor became surplus in Europe but emerging capitalism financed explorations in Africa, Asia and the western hemisphere. New World Gold led to even more rapid European expansion. As the capitalists started viewing the New World as a potential for agricultural productions, the need for labor expanded. This led to the exploitation of slave labor. The vast majority of slaves transported to America worked on agricultural plantations. The Atlantic slave trade gained

Inputs of Industrial Services of America Research Paper

Inputs of Industrial Services of America - Research Paper Example Besides, all these essentials are interconnected. As such, they must work together, and a change in one must result in the subsequent change in rest, for the model to be effective (Burke, 2010). According to the pioneers of the model, the first input of an organization is the environment. This entails the external factors of an organization, having significant implications on a firm’s ultimate achievement. The model deems the environment transformation to be having a significant compulsion to an organization’s definitive transformation (Burke, 2010). The model is anchored in the principle that the organization is an open structure, where the outside surroundings have significant impacts on its subsystems. Additionally, the firm ought to apply environment change to review the changes within an organization. The next input of the model is resources. According to Nadler and Tushman, an organization acquires inputs from within and externally to the firm, and then changes th em into outputs. The output may comprise of the firm’s actions, performance, as well as its behavior. Additionally, these occur at the individual, group, and wholesome stage. As such, if an organization is performing below the set objectives, it ought to review its resources. These resources may include capital and information, along with others (Burke, 2010). A firm’s history is also essential for the success of a firm. Various firms substantially rely on their history for success. Companies with well-known products usually possess a niche over their rivals. However, a firm’s history may be detrimental to their objective achievement, since their competitors may use it to their advantage. This may be through counterfeit and... Various organizations face numerous crises in their endeavor to attain their set objectives. Therefore, there is a dire need for organizational transformation in order to keep these organizations on track and realize their initial purpose.Various organization experts have developed models to aid organizations in implementing organizational transformation. Nadler and Tushman together pioneered in the development of an Organization Diagnosis model identified as Nadler-Tushman Congruence model. This model is helpful, since firms employ it in improving an organization’s efficiency, and consequently, promoting the revenue accrual. The model also aids in determining the consequences of transforming an organization. Besides, it is critical to assess the nature and intensity of the predicaments an organization encounters prior to employing the model. The model also highlights the consequence of evaluating an organization before implementing changes in an organization. Besides, approac hes of organizational modification that worked elsewhere may not work within another organization. This has been the case of many organizations, where a new management staff employs an organization plan that worked in their earlier firms. This produces devastating results, since the predicaments facing their new company are dissimilar to the ones facing their former companies. Organizations encounter several challenges in their pursuit of set goals. These challenges may include competition, counterfeit and brand disputes among others.

Analysis Of The Novel The Killer Angels History Essay

Analysis Of The Novel The Killer Angels History Essay The Killer Angels is a historical novel that was authored by Michael Shaara in 1974. The novel is on a narration of four days of the Battle of Gettysburg that took place during the American Civil War. The story is centered on the period between June 30, 1963 when both the Union and the Confederacy soldiers prepare for battle around the town of Gettysburg and the 1st to 3rd of July 1973 when the battle takes place. The novel commences with Harrison, Longstreets spy gathering information on the movement and positioning of the Federal soldiers. Each day of in the novel is narrated from the perspective of the generals from the two sides; James Longstreet and Robert E. Lee on the Confederacys side and John Buford and Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain on the Unions side. Michael Shaara narrates the story of Gettysburg, which is among the largest battles in North Americas history to establish the causes of the Civil War. Additionally, he tries to establish the motivations, which led to long-estab lished friends facing each other in battle. Michael Shaara wrote the novel to bring out the significance of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. He provides an accurate account of the events of the Gettysburg War. In the introduction letter that he writes to the reader, Shaara states that he utilized primary sources in writing the books and he did not make any significant alterations in the facts about the War. He aims at bringing this significant part of the American history to life. In the entire novel, the author attempts to portray the both sides of the War without any bias and to highlight the real causes of the War. Shaara uses Harrison, a spy who was hired by General Longstreet to investigate on the actions of the Union forces. This ensures that he remains neutral in his narration of the War. Thus, it can be argued that Michael Shaara was motivated by the urge to bring out the unbiased facts about the Gettysburg War, the real issues that led to the War, and the significance of the War to Americas history. James Longstreet and Robert E. Lees are significant characters in the storys narration. The two are Confederacy soldiers, they trust each other, and they are concerned with the safety of the other. However, they hold varying opinions and tactics about the war. Lee possesses excellent tactical skills though his conventional policies are often in conflict with Longstreets more futurist policies. Lee is a Confederacy general who issues directives from the defensive position. Shaara depicts Lee as wise elderly man who is aware of the fact that his career is almost ending. Lee holds to his conventional ideas of war; however, he appreciates the significance of Longstreets innovative ideas on the war. Lee is an inspiration of the soldiers in the War. He inspires even the wounded soldiers who drag themselves from the Picketts Charge and they beg to be allowed to return to the War. His presence in the War maintains the morale of the Confederacy soldiers. However, his confidence in the soldier s leads to his overestimation of the soldiers might in the War and results in a disaster at Picketts Charge. Lee is depicted as a gentleman, a religious, patient, and a man of honor without vices. He is optimistic and idealistic and believes that his men are capable of doing anything. He is soft-spoken and caring to his men; however, he boldly uses his men and is ready to loose them for a worthy cause. He adopts a religious stand in the war; God is responsible for all the events in the war. Lee is portrayed as a risk taker; he takes risky and daring decisions and is often breaking rules if time is against him. Lee is easily contrasted with Longstreet, a moody man of deep emotions and strong opinions. Longstreet is full of anger and hatred of the War. He believes that the War is a mistake and contests Lees offensive approach. Longstreet prefers establishing a strong defensive position and letting the enemy come to him. He is not portrayed as a coward, but he basis his decisions on the War on the several years of his experience in the army. He is depicted as a total soldier who is devoted to no other cause other than victory in the War. Furthermore, he employs newer approaches in the War compared to Lees conventional approaches and is pained by the death of the soldiers. Thus, contrasting the two generals and their strategies in the War depict that Longstreet was a more superior general with better tactics in the War. Lees tactics were responsible for the death of many soldiers and the eventual loss of the War by the Confederacy. Lastly, Gettysburg played a significant role in the Civil War. The Gettysburg is depicted as a significant part in Americas history. Prior to the Gettysburg War, the Confederacy had won a significant number of wars. However, Gettysburg acted as a turning point for the course of the Civil War. At Gettysburg, the Union gained their first victory in the War. Consequently, they gained momentum in the War and won all the subsequent wars. The Gettysburg War depleted the two sides reserves for the War; it significantly decreased their ammunition and number of soldiers. The North had double, the number of soldiers as the South; additionally, it was more industrialized compared to the South. Thus, the North eventually lost the War due to the lack of resources. This contrasted any other war that had been fought prior to the Gettysburg War.

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud :: Literary Analysis, William Wordsworth

Nature is often a focal point for many author’s works, whether it is expressed through lyrics, short stories, or poetry. Authors are given a cornucopia of pictures and descriptions of nature’s splendor that they can reproduce through words. It is because of this that more often than not a reader is faced with multiple approaches and descriptions to the way nature is portrayed. Some authors tend to look at nature from a deeper and personal observation as in William Wordsworth’s â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud†, while other authors tend to focus on a more religious beauty within nature as show in Gerard Manley Hopkins â€Å"Pied Beauty†, suggesting to the reader that while to each their own there is always a beauty to be found in nature and nature’s beauty can be uplifting for the human spirit both on a visual and spiritual level. Wordsworth and Hopkins both present the reader with a poem conveying the theme of nature. Nature in its variety be it from something as simple as streaked or multicolored skies, long fields and valleys, to things more complex like animals, are all gifts we take for granted. Some never realize the truth of what they are missing by keeping themselves indoors fixating on the loneliness and vacancy of their lives and not on what beauty currently surrounds them. Others tend to relate themselves more to the fact that these lovely gifts are from God and should be praised because of the way his gifts have uplifted our human spirit. Each writer gives us their own ideals as how to find and appreciate nature’s true gifts. In â€Å"I wandered Lonely as a Cloud,† William Wordsworth accomplishes his ideal of nature by using personification, alliteration, and simile within his poem to convey to the reader how nature’s beauty uplifts his spirits and takes him away from his boring daily routine. Wordsworth relates himself in solidarity to that of a cloud wandering alone, â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud† (line 1). Comparing the cloud and himself to that of a lonely human in low spirits of isolation, simultaneously the author compares the daffodils he comes across as he â€Å"floats on high o’er vales and hills† (line 2) to that of a crowd of people dancing (lines 3-6 and again in 12). Watching and admiring the dancing daffodils as he floats on by relating them to various beauties of

Guide For Oral Health Care Health And Social Care Essay

A tooth abscess is pus enclosed in the tissues of the jaw bone at the tip of an septic tooth. Normally the abscess originates from a bacterial infection that has accumulated in the soft mush of the tooth. Abscesses typically originate from dead mush tissue, normally caused by untreated tooth decay, cracked dentitions or extended periodontic disease. A failed root canal intervention may besides make a similar abscess. There are three types of dental abscess. A gingival abscess involves merely the gum tissue, without impacting either the tooth or the periodontic ligament. A periapical abscess starts in the dental mush. A periodontic abscess begins in the back uping bone and tissue constructions of the dentition. An abscessed tooth is really painful. The tooth and environing gums are infected, and a root canal or extraction is normally recommended. An abscess tooth may be light with simply a little infection, or it may be speed uping – occupying non merely the oral cavity, but the full organic structure. The first phase of an abscess begins on the external beds of the dentitions along the protective coating named enamel. Bacteria which of course occur inside the oral cavity Begin to strike at the enamel and might later weaken, and cleft in a little hole. There might be merely minor tenderness at this period. Sensitivity to hot and cold contents, along with tenderness whether the tooth is tapped may be frequent marks. 2. About Oral Chelation for High Blood Pressure The term chelation describes a procedure whereby substances named chelating agents bind to metals or toxins to enable the organic structure to safely egest them in the piss or fecal matters. While the scientific community by and large validates the usage of chelation for heavy metal detoxification, its usage in high blood pressure remains controversial. Oral chelation therapy cleans your arterias. It besides cleans the riddance piece of land and builds up your general opposition for longer life and a better ( healthful ) feeling. Chelation therapy can assist lower blood force per unit area. These include the decalcification ( decrease ) of plaque, decrease of free groups and lowering of blood cholesterin. Oral Chelation Therapy takes a few months the first clip. Oral chelation is besides effectual because chelating agents, such as EDTA, can go through through the tummy and enter the blood stream unaffected. Oral chelation interventions exist in the signifier of liquids, pills or capsules and by and large last for several hebdomads. 3. About Oral Surgery Oral Surgery is a accepted international specializer developing class in dental medicine. It is the forte of dental medicine that includes the diagnosing, surgical and related intervention of diseases, hurts and defects affecting both the functional and esthetic facets of the difficult and soft tissues of the caput, oral cavity, dentition, gums and jaws. A figure of conditions may necessitate unwritten surgery, including: Impacted Teeth Wisdom dentitions, sometimes emerge from the gum line and the jaw is non big plenty to let room for them. Often one or more of these 3rd grinders fails to emerge in proper alliance or fails to to the full emerge through the gum line and becomes entrapped or â€Å" impacted † between the lower jaw and the gum tissue. Tooth Loss Dental implants are an option for tooth loss due to an accident or infection or as an option to dental plates. The implants are tooth root replacements that are surgically anchored in topographic point in the lower jaw and act to stabilise the unreal dentition to which they are attached. Jaw-Related Problems Unequal jaw growing: In some persons, the upper and lower Jaw fails to turn decently. This can do trouble in speech production, eating, get downing, and take a breathing. While some of these jobs — like improper teeth alliance — can be corrected with braces and other orthodontic contraptions, more serious jobs require unwritten surgery to travel all or portion of the upper jaw, lower jaw, or both into a new place that is more balanced, functional, and healthy. Improve tantrum of dental plates: For first-time dental plate wearers, unwritten surgery can be done to rectify any abnormalities of the jaws prior to making the dental plates to guarantee a better tantrum. 4. About the Benefits of Bing a Dentist The demand of dentist profession is turning. The profession of being a tooth doctor has many good things that can be of import considerations for you. If you give good services to your patients, you will be able to acquire clients, so your concern in dental pattern will run good. Dentists have a certain sum of prestigiousness within their communities. It is besides an easy field for adult females and minorities to win in. On top of the pecuniary benefits and flexibleness of being your ain foreman ( You besides get to be after on your ain hours ) , there is a great trade of personal satisfaction that can be found in a calling in dental medicine. You get the personal satisfaction of seting a smiling on a individual ‘s face and cut downing their hurting. Most people get into callings so that they can acquire a steady income and with dental medicine, you are assured of acquiring a batch of money. With the occupation if you have practiced for many old ages you can acquire to detect how to cover with or forestall dentition complaints which would be a good add-on to the society. You besides acquire to be a instructor by giving people advice on the best ways to keep their dentitions and maintain them healthy. Making a positive alteration in the lives of people is one of the greatest benefits a dentist gets. 5. Activities for Teaching Children Oral Hygiene Teaching kids how to brush, floss and rinse their oral cavity in order to maintain their teeth clean and prevent pits is of import. Teaching good hygiene when kids are immature can forestall dental jobs down the route. Use merriment activities to do brushing, flossing and sing the tooth doctor appealing. Teaching Children to Brush Their Teeth Childs can be conditioned to brush their dentitions merely as they ‘re taught to rinse their custodies and face. Parents can pattern the behaviour by leting kids to come into the bathroom with them to brush their dentitions. Invent your ain memorable small vocal or chant to sing as you ‘re brushing your babe ‘s dentition, make certain the words define the country you ‘re scouring ; so that one time the vocal is memorized they remember to brush each surface. Brush the kid ‘s dentition before you brush your ain, and so let the kid to brush theirs while you ‘re brushing yours ; yearlings love to copy. Tooth Decay Activity Use a digital camera to take a image of each kid, smiling and demoing their glistening white dentitions. Print each kid ‘s exposure twice and hold them colourise the dentitions brown in one of the smilings. Use black and brown washable markers to imitate tooth decay and pits. Have them hang it in the bathroom or utilize it as a reminder to brush their dentitions more frequently. Painting Activity Using xanthous building paper cut out several big tooth forms. Show the forms to your kid and speak about how dentitions can go xanthous if you do non brush them or if you eat a batch of things that can harm your dentitions. Give your kid white pigment to utilize and state him to feign that it is toothpaste. Let him utilize the â€Å" toothpaste † and a paintbrush to do the teeth clean and white once more. Dramatic Play Gather all of the stuffs necessary to do a make-believe tooth doctor office. You will necessitate a chair, toothbrush, mirror, and anything else that can do the scene more realistic and merriment, such as a white shirt to have on as a tooth doctor ‘s coat. Lie back in the chair and allow your child make-believe to be a tooth doctor as he examines your oral cavity, pretends to brush your dentitions and Tells you if your dentitions are healthy. Acting out this scenario may assist your kid to understand the importance of traveling to the tooth doctor and do the existent visit more appealing. 6. Basic Hygiene Dental Instruments Several instruments should be used daily to clean dentitions and gums. Toothbrush A toothbrush removes nutrient and plaque left on the dentition and gums. Toothpaste Toothpaste is available in gels, pulverizations or pastes that aid take plaque on the dentition and gums. Toothpaste can incorporate agents that can whiten dentitions, strengthen gums, and abolish bad breath. Floss Floss is created utilizing thin strands of nylon or plastic. Floss removes nutrient that ‘s trapped between dentitions, every bit good as the little movie of bacteriums that covers dentitions. The American Dental Association recommends that people floss daily. Gargle Mouthwash contains H2O, intoxicant and cleansing agents as the primary ingredients. Mouthwash helps cut down plaque, mask and control bad olfactory property, whiten dentition, and minimise gingivitis. Your tooth doctor may rede you to utilize mouthwash day-to-day depending on your dental demands. 7. Brushing Your Dentitions Correctly: Dental Care & A ; Oral Hygiene: How to†¦ You should brush your dentitions at least twice a twenty-four hours. A soft bristle toothbrush will clean without damaging the gums. Be careful non to be in an over-abundant manner. 2 proceedingss of proper brushing is good plenty. Clean the outer surfaces of your upper dentition, so your lower dentition Clean the interior surfaces of your upper dentition, so your lower dentition Clean the mastication surfaces For fresher breath, be certain to brush your lingua, excessively Tilt the coppice at a 45A ° angle against the gumline and expanse or turn over the coppice off from the gumline. Gently brush the exterior, indoors and masticating surface of each tooth utilizing short back-and-forth shots. Gently brush your lingua to take bacteriums and refresh your breath. 8. Causes of Very Dry Mouth: Oral Health There are several causes of dry oral cavity, besides called dry mouth. Peoples get dry oral cavity when the secretory organs in the oral cavity that make spits are non working decently. Because of this, there might non be plenty saliva to maintain your oral cavity moisture. There are several grounds why these secretory organs ( called salivary secretory organs ) might non work right. Side effects of certain medications- more than 400 medical specialties can do the salivary secretory organs to do less spit. Medicines for high blood force per unit area and depression frequently cause dry oral cavity Side consequence of certain diseases and infections. Dry oral cavity can be a side consequence of medical conditions, including Sjogren ‘s syndrome, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer ‘s disease, diabetes, anaemia, cystic fibrosis, arthritic arthritis, high blood pressure, Parkinson ‘s disease, shot, and epidemic parotitiss. Radiation therapy – the salivary secretory organs can be damaged if they are exposed to radiation during malignant neoplastic disease intervention Chemotherapy – drugs used to handle malignant neoplastic disease can do saliva thicker, doing the oral cavity to experience dry. Nerve harm – hurt to the caput or cervix can damage the nervousnesss that tell salivary secretory organs to do spit. Dehydration – Conditionss that lead to desiccation, such as febrility, inordinate perspiration, purging, diarrhoea, blood loss, and Burnss can do dry oral cavity. Surgical remotion of the salivary secretory organs. Lifestyle – Smoke or masticating baccy can impact saliva production and aggravate dry oral cavity. Continuously take a breathing with your oral cavity unfastened can besides lend to the job.

International Management Research Paper Essay

Assessing the Environment As we look to take our business, International Jean Company, into the ever expanding global market, it’s important that we choose locations that are going to fit our needs. This location selection cannot just be random, nor can it be done hastily. Our time learning how to be International Managers have taught us that only through careful research into many topics like the Environment, the Geography and Climate, the Culture, and Communication, can we really have the information necessary to make an informed decision. Therefore, we began to look at Denmark, and extensively researched the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that lay before us here. Denmark is a small country with a population of just over 5 million inhabitants. It has achieved a remarkable degree of economic success over the last 50 years or so. With GDP per head of around $56,000 the country ranks fifth in the world and ahead of both Japan and Germany in terms of purchasing power. This remarkable economic success has been achieved by the Danes thanks, in no small measure, to their pragmatic business style.(1) According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, it has the most efficient distribution system, the best labor regulations, and the second highest GDP per person. According to Forbes.com, Denmark is the best country to do business in. The Danish economy’s mix of low inflation and low unemployment along with emphasis on entrepreneurship and lower taxes make Denmark an attractive company to business investors and entrepreneurs. These qualities combined with high marks for innovation and technological savvy lift Denmark to the top of the busin ess world. Denmark is a country that is filled with many small and medium sized, independently owned businesses. Compared to the rest of the European Union, Denmark has a significantly less amount of large corporations, with the exception of Spain. They are known for their top quality production standards. Danish companies tend to concentrate on highly specialized products with a high margin production and rely more on product innovation and design instead of improvements in production technology and price competitiveness. Many small and medium sized companies are able to have major control over their market because they base themselves in small towns and rely on relationships with the community. This makes it difficult for large corporations to take their market share. Although Denmark has a significant amount of independent businesses that support its economy, it is highly dependent on foreign trade and international cooperation. Denmark is made up of a highly developed infrastructure, an advanced telecommunications system and a well-educated and stable workforce. Throughout all relevant levels of the workforce, English is spoken and written at an exceptionally good level. This is a very beneficial factor to the role that Denmark plays in the global market. Geographically, Denmark is in the perfect position for international trade. It is in the center of the Scandinavian countries and has easy access to the Northern and Eastern European countries. International surveys show that Denmark has top ratings in transportation, in all modes, energy, communications, and distribution systems. It is also highly rated in product quality, organizational quality, customer relations, credibility, and social responsibility. Denmark’s legal system is very similar to those of other European countries. Foreign business men may find some difficulty in legalities due to the use of civil law system and statutory law. Unlike the common law system used in countries such as the US, the Danish courts are not limited to the strict lettering of the law, but instead the purpose of the statute. This interpretation is also applied to private agreements. Compared to other countries, lobbying of the government is not as common and not as organized as in other countries. Usually, trade bodies will bring up issues to the government instead of individual persons or companies. The most common forms of companies used in Denmark are Public Limited Companies and Private Limited Companies. Denmark is known for having a high tax rate although when taking to account other costs of doing business (wages, benefits, cost of living, etc.) it balances out. The Danish tax regime relies heavily on direct taxes, such as taxes from labor, but there is little to no dependence on indirect taxes, such as social security and contributions from employers. Managing Interdependence Denmark is a significant player in the global market when it comes to social responsibility and ethics. It has the lowest rate of corruption of any other countries in the European Union. It also has very strict government regulations and very beneficial reasons to be socially responsible. Since the 1970’s, Danish environmental law has developed as part of public, private and European Community law. The National Agency for Environmental Protection, the National Forest and Nature Agency and the Department of Planning all make up the Ministry of the Environment. The have local and regional councils which are elected by the public and are responsible for environmental and planning procedures that conform to local wishes. Denmark is one of the few countries that have several kinds of green fees and green taxes. This is to motivate companies to use cleaner technologies, resource management, and/or environmental audit and management schemes. In 2008, Danish parliament passed a bill that forces large corporations to report on their corporate social responsibility (CSR) on their annual report. The Danish companies that have engaged in CSR have reported that it has had a positive effect on the companies. They claim that while it is flexible, it does bring up some legal burdens on them. It is the belief of the Danish government that the legal requirement marks the starting point for increased reporting on CSR, and in the forthcoming years the government intends to encourage progress and improvement of Danish businesses’ CSR work and reporting. Upon this laws implementation, 1100 companies were required to report CSR on their next annual reports. According to the 2009 reports, 89% of the required companies complied and 3% did not comply (8% complied by default because of being a subsidiary of a company that complied). The most common form of CSR among Danish companies related to environmental and climate issues. According to International Management, by Helen Deresky, Denmark is tied for the number one spot for the country with the least amount of corruption. This is because the Danish culture has a much more direct approach to business practices. They prefer openness and honesty, which sometimes seems rude to foreigners. It is clear to see that Denmark is ahead of almost all other countries in being Socially Responsible and having sound business ethics. For a new company, good ethics and social responsibility can be a make-it or break-it issue for a company. In one aspect, these issues can cost the company money. When just beginning, you should try to get your costs to be as low as possible. On the other hand, being viewed as an ethical company and by being socially responsible you improve the image and branding of the company. That will give the public a better perception of the company and can increase the demand for your product. Fortunately, in Denmark, only large companies are legally required to report their activities relating to social responsibility. While it would be a smart choice to make, not having to spend money on social responsibility during the beginning phases of the company will allow ease for penetrating the market and will allow us to be more socially responsible in the future. Overall, Denmark’s cost of doing business is about the same, if not lower than other countries, and the benefits of doing business in that country are much more significant. As long as our company helps locals and abides by their cultures and their rules, then the company should be very successful. Understanding the Role of Culture Before we can truly consider starting our business in Denmark, we need to understand the culture of the area. The viability of the economy, the labor market, the work environment, are all crucial to our success overseas. Taking the time to build a cultural profile of Denmark can help International Jean understand how to transition our business, and our expatriates to a very new experience. We begin our cultural profile by looking at the Government and Economic systems of Denmark. The politics of Denmark could best be described as a â€Å"Social Democracy† Though they do have a constitutional monarchy, like England it is a mostly ceremonial position. Elections occur democratically, similar to the United States without the Electoral College, which leads to a more direct representation of democracy. There are very low levels of corruption, not just in Denmark but in the entirety of the surrounding Nordic countries. As far as picking a market to operate out of, Denmark is a very excellent selection. Denmark has a prosperous, well-developed mixed market economy, ranking 16th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) per capita. They use the Nordic Model, which is a version of what is traditionally called a â€Å"welfare state† The Nordic Model differs from other welfare states with an emphasis on maximizing labor force participation, promoting wage and gender equality, and a large amount of wealth distribution. A so called â€Å"welfare state† goes hand in hand with wealth distribution, citizens can count on monetary support during periods of unemployment and on welfare. The redistribution of wealth goes towards many societal needs, which will be explained further. Furthering supporting our transition, Denmark features low barriers to free trade, as well as little product market regulation. In fact, according to OECD rankings, Denmark has one of the highest ratings as far as product market freedom is concerned. We will be able to easily enter into this market, and will have a lot of freedom in regards to product selection, as well as advertising and marketing. This plays into the next few sections of our cultural profile: Kinship and attitudes towards leisure and recreation. Denmark, similar to most of the Nordic region, is one of the most liberal nations in Europe. They have an open attitude towards sex, nudity, and freedom of expression. As you walk around cities in Denmark, you can find advertising that features risquà © situations, and even cursing. The people of Denmark tend to have a darker sense of humor than what we’re acclimated to here in the United States, and often find ways to poke fun even at traditionally somber topics like death. Though we should be careful of how we utilize humor, both in our advertisements and in our work environment. Though good natured, citizens here tend to intensely dislike any joking at the expense of Denmark and its culture, particularly from outsiders. They are very proud of their country, and their family units reflect this. Families in Denmark are traditionally tight, well-knit units, who enjoy a good quality of life. They tend to live a relaxed lifestyle with a focus on family and friends. Bicycles are one of the predominant ways to travel around, especially in bigger cities like Copenhagen. We come to a big difference between the United States and Denmark, in terms of the attitude towards work. Whereas most Americans â€Å"work to live†, in Denmark the opposite is true. The Danish are taught from an early age to choose a profession that they would enjoy working, as opposed to a job taken out of financial necessity. This is reflected on Denmark’s scores in G.L.O.B.E/ Hofstede cultural dimension rankings in â€Å"masculinity†, which are very low, as well as â€Å"Uncertainty Avoidance† also being low. This is partly due to the fact that most of the labor market is a part of Trade Unions, as of 2008 Denmark had 67.6% labor union density. There is a partnership between employers, trade unions and the government, whereby these social partners negotiate the terms to regulating the workplace among themselves, rather than the terms being imposed by law. As we transition, we will need to make contact with these unions, and work closely with them to come up with rules and regulations for International Jeans that work for the native population. Another workplace difference is in the amount of work per week and the vacation time allotted. The Danish work an average of 37 hours a week, generally calling it a day around 4pm local time. Expatriates should be made aware that the Danish are not impressed with managers that work 50-60 hours a week. As mentioned previously, they believe in a balance between work and life, and would view those who worked considerably more hours to be less efficient at their jobs. In the United States, there are no laws concerning paid vacations or time off. To contrast, in Denmark paid time off is actually mandated by law. The Danish usually receive a minimum of 5 weeks of vacation, plus national holidays. These are factors we need to consider when hiring local workers. Other characteristics of the Danish work environment include high job mobility, as employees and managers are encouraged to take risks and make decisions that a more conservative American manager might not make. In general, Danish company activities are less structured and less formal, which is reflected again by the low score in the â€Å"Uncertainty Avoidance† category. There is a low level of Assertiveness on the Hofstede scale, as the strength of unions and the desire of the Danish to care about their work come together to make a highly productive and group oriented workplace. We would do well to hire a lot of local talent immediately. We mentioned the large amount of wealth distribution earlier. Denmark ranks highly on the Collectivism scale. Being a social welfare economy, much of that money is poured into both the Educational system as well as Healthcare. The Danish education system provides access to primary school, secondary school and higher education. All university education in Denmark is free; there are no tuition fees to enroll in courses. Danish universities and other higher education institutions offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognized qualification in Denmark, and many classes are taught in English. Our company should take advantage of this when looking to hire. In addition to free education, there is also Universal Healthcare for all Danish citizens, paid primarily by taxes. Denmark spends 9.8% of GDP on healthcare. The life expectancy in Denmark is 78.6 years, and there is one doctor for every 294 persons in Denmark. It should be noted, that these social services also leads to a high tax rate for Danish citizens, hovering near 48-49% Communicating Across Cultures As we work towards bringing International Jean Co. to Denmark, we need to be aware of the similarities and differences in the way our two countries communicate. The characteristics of that communication, and the interplay between American expatriates and Danish locals will determine how well our new company will function as an overseas entity. We will begin by looking at native language, as well as the amount of English saturation in Denmark. The native language of Denmark is Danish, with other regional languages such as Faroese, Greenlandic, and German officially recognized. In selecting expatriates, we should look to be choosing managers that are able to speak Danish, or willing to quickly learn. However, we shouldn’t feel like the ability to speak the language is mandatory for expatriates. One of the great aspects of setting up our business in Denmark is that there is a very high proportion of Danish citizens who speak English. In the educational system, it is taught as the primary foreign language. English will be spoken and written well by all relevant levels of the workforce. This is further demonstrated by the fact that many commercials and advertisements, as well as trademarks, are used directly in Denmark without translation. The people of Denmark are, generally speaking, friendly but blunt in their speech with one another. Concerning Hofstede dimensions, they rank very highly in the â€Å"Humane† category. They tend to shy away from confrontation, so our expatriates are going to need to tread softly when it comes to moment of direct communication regarding mistakes or problems. Direct debate is encouraged, but keeping confrontational phrasing out of it is important. The Danish tend to be very plain speaking when communicating, which can be mistaken for rudeness in other cultures. Our managers need to be aware of this, so they know that they aren’t necessarily being insulted when talking about work issues. Like the United States, Denmark is a â€Å"low-context† culture. They tend to be direct and explicit when communicating among one another, and tend not to rely on non-verbal communication. They prefer to have direct conversations, either by phone or face-to-face, though increasingly more electronic communication has taken over. Also like the United States, Denmark is also considered a â€Å"low-contact† culture. They prefer a minimum of an arm’s length of personal space, and do not enjoy overly aggressive physical contact. Body language is very restricted, which can make interpreting responses and feedback difficult. Time is another major factor that we as Americans have in common with Denmark. The Danish follow a monochronic time system, which is more linear in structure as compared to polychronic time. Those practicing monochromic time, such as the Danish, tend to complete tasks one at a time as well as adhere to a stricter schedule. We also share similar views on proxemics, or proximity. The Danish see larger offices and more space as reflective of having more power and esteem. The United States and Denmark have a surprising amount of similarities in how we communicate, both in regards to interpersonal communication as well as in a work environment. This should greatly aid International Jean Co. in a smooth transition from the United States to Denmark. Cross-Cultural Negotiation and Decision Making The Negotiation Process: Danish people of business are usually very experienced in interacting and doing business with visitors from other cultures. They pride themselves on their Danish culture and tend to sometimes not be very open to information or assistance from the outside. Similar to many other countries, people of Denmark shake hands upon meeting. This is also the case when departing. It is good to familiarize yourself with the Danish culture before going in full steam. The Danish official language resembles Swedish and Norwegian, and shares a few commonalities with German, but DO NOT remark or even assume that they are similar. Most businessmen and women in Denmark speak English well, but it is recommended to stay away from using jargon and slang. Danes like to leave space between themselves when interacting, so be aware of other’s personal space and try not to be too touchy-feely. They usually speak in quiet, gentle tones and interrupting is considered rude. Danes usually do not openly show their emotions. Come well prepared! The Danes are meticulous when it comes to analyzing information and proposals. Know your information and bring in copies for your Danish counterpart to examine. Everything should be well organized and do not steer off topic; straight and to the point. Business relationships are often only fairly important in the country, and are typically not a needed requirement for initial business interactions. Just like your goal is to get to know one’s contacts in a host country and build mutual trust before embarking on business discussion and transaction, your counterpart is also trying to learn about you. Danes are cautious and appear to be reserved and proceed slow. Once the trust is well known, there will be a sense of allegiance to you as a respected business partner. Denmark is a democratic and understanding country. It can be cohesive to criticize other people or systems. Bosses are expected to be team leaders rather than private decision-makers. In the country’s business culture, the respect a person takes pleasure in depends mainly on his or her achievements. Well-liked personal traits include individual initiative, knowledge, and expertise. To the Danes, negotiation is a joint problem solving process and the buyer and seller in a deal are equal partners. The primary negotiation style is cooperative and they believe in the concept win-win. It is strongly advisable to avoid any open disagreement and to remain calm, friendly, patient, and determined. The Danish believe in information sharing as a way to build trust with their counterparts but this doesn’t mean that they are going to say everything. A good part of the communication may be in writing, which Danes often prefer. They move through things rather quick and are less observant over detail. They strive to conclude negotiations quickly but this does not mean they will readily accept unfavorable terms. Danes do not like bargaining or haggling such that they do not appreciate aggressive sales techniques. They do prefer negotiating in a straightforward and honest style and may use pressure techniques. When persuading your counterpart avoid aggressive tactics and negotiating with the Danish. If confronted, they will not shy away, but this is almost guaranteed to deteriorate your bargaining position rather than strengthen it. It can also eliminate your relationship. Although a verbal agreement can be considered binding and will most likely be kept, do not consider them final. Only a contract that is signed by the two parties makes up a binding agreement. Written contracts are a serious matter in Denmark. It is best to keep them concise without including too many legalistic details. Signing the contract not only shows your commitment but a strong confirmation of your Danish partners’ commitment also. Works Cited Brunson, Winnon â€Å"Cultural Perspective: A Year in Denmark† 2008 â€Å"Danish Communication Styles† 2012 â€Å"ET Ã…R I KØBENHAVN: FOLKESUNDHED OG KULTUR† 2011 â€Å"The Monarchy today† – The Danish Monarchy 16, June 2012 â€Å"ETLA: The Nordic Model† â€Å"The Nordic Model† Nordic Labour Journal: In Focus. 2001 â€Å"Business Negotiations in Denmark† â€Å"Business Etiquette in Denmark† â€Å"Negotiating International Business – The Negotiator’s Reference Guide to 50 Countries Around the World† Katz, Lothar. 2007 â€Å"Doing Business in Denmark† Kroman, Reumart. 11 February, 2005.

The Path to Nationhood. NZs involvement in Asia 1945-1985 essays

The Path to Nationhood. NZs involvement in Asia 1945-1985 essays In 1945-1985 NZ was involved militarily in Asia. The main reason was the Canberra pact of 1944. The main conflicts NZ was involved in were Korea (1950-1953), Malaysia (1960-1966), and Vietnam (1965-1972). One of the reasons NZ was involved in Asia was the Canberra pact, signed in 1944. It was actually an illegal pact, as NZ hadnt adopted the Statute of Westminster that gave them control over their external affairs. The Canberra pact was signed with Australia, because they (Australia and NZ) were afraid that the Allies would forget or ignore them in post-war settlements. In the Canberra pact NZ and Australia pledged to consult with each other about goings-on in the region. It also said they would oppose military installations and build a council that would promote economical and social growth. NZ believed in Collective Security. This meant that they were involved in the United Nations and the Commonwealth. Some of the documents that NZ signed that committed her to the Asian conflicts were ANZAM where Australia, Britain and NZ planed defense for Malaya. ANZAM was replaced by the Five Power Defence Arrangement in 1971. The ANZUS treaty of 1951 was between Australia, NZ and USA. And the SEATO agreement was the SouthEast Asia Treaty Organization, signed in 1954 with Australia, Britain, France, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and USA. NZ was involved in Korea after North Korea invaded South in 1950. The UN decided this was aggressive action and sent in troops. NZ sent K-Force troops, artillery, airforce, infantry and 6 frigates. 33 men were killed and 79 wounded. In Malaysia, NZ troops stopped communist aggression as part of ANZAM. They were stationed in Singapore. In 1963 the federation of Malaysia was formed and troops stayed to look after the new nation. Indonesian guerillas had running battles with troops. This lasted until 1966 when Indonesia withdrew her troops. ...

Facts About the Burial of Qin Shi Huangdi

Facts About the Burial of Qin Shi Huangdi In the spring of 1974, farmers in Shaanxi Province, China were digging a new well when they struck a hard object. It turned out to be part of a terracotta soldier. Soon, Chinese archaeologists realized that the entire area outside of the city of Xian (formerly Chang an) was underlain by an enormous necropolis; an army, complete with horses, chariots, officers and infantry, as well as a court, all made of terracotta. The farmers had discovered one of the worlds greatest archaeological wonders: the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. What was the purpose of this magnificent army? Why did Qin Shi Huangdi, who was obsessed with immortality, make such elaborate arrangements for his burial? The Reason Behind the Terracotta Army Qin Shi Huangdi was buried with the terracotta army and court because he wanted to have the same military power and imperial status in the afterlife as he had enjoyed during his earthly lifetime. The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, he unified much of modern-day northern and central China under his rule, which lasted from 246 to 210 BCE. Such an accomplishment would be difficult to replicate in the next life without a proper army, hence the 10,000 clay soldiers with weapons, horses, and chariots. The great Chinese historian Sima Qian (145-90 BCE) reports that construction of the burial mound began as soon as Qin Shi Huangdi ascended the throne, and involved hundreds of thousands of artisans and laborers. Perhaps because the emperor ruled for more than three decades, his tomb grew to be one of the largest and most complex ever built. According to surviving records, Qin Shi Huangdi was a cruel and ruthless ruler. A proponent of legalism, he had Confucian scholars stoned to death or buried alive because he disagreed with their philosophy. However, the terracotta army is actually a merciful alternative to earlier traditions both in China and in other ancient cultures. Often, early rulers from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties had soldiers, officials, concubines and other attendants buried along with the dead emperor. Sometimes the sacrificial victims were killed first; even more horrifically, they were often entombed alive. Either Qin Shi Huangdi himself or his advisors decided to substitute the intricately-made terracotta figures for actual human sacrifices, saving the lives of more than 10,000 men plus hundreds of horses. Each life-sized terracotta soldier is modeled on an actual person as they have distinct facial features and hairstyles. The officers are depicted as being taller than the foot soldiers, with the generals tallest of all. Although higher-status families may have had better nutrition than lower-class ones, it is probable that this is symbolism rather than a reflection of every officer actually being taller than all of the regular troops. After Qin Shi Huangdis Death Shortly after Qin Shi Huangdis death in 210 BCE, his sons rival for the throne, Xiang Yu, may have looted the weapons of the terracotta army, and burned the support timbers. In any case, the timbers were burned and the section of the tomb containing the clay troops collapsed, smashing the figures to pieces. Approximately 1,000 of the 10,000 total have been put back together. Qin Shi Huangdi himself is buried under an enormous pyramid-shaped mound that stands some distance from the excavated sections of the burial. According to ancient historian Sima Qian, the central tomb contains treasures and wondrous objects, including flowing rivers of pure mercury (which was associated with immortality). Soil testing nearby has revealed elevated levels of mercury, so there may be some truth to this legend. Legend also records that the central tomb is booby-trapped to fend off looters and that the emperor himself placed a powerful curse on any who dared to invade his final resting place. Mercury vapor may be the real danger, but in any case, the government of China has been in no great hurry to excavate the central tomb itself. Perhaps it is best not to disturb Chinas infamous First Emperor.

Law of Coverture

Law of Coverture In English and American law, coverture refers to womens legal status after marriage: legally, upon marriage, the husband and wife were treated as one entity. In essence, the wifes separate legal existence disappeared as far as property rights and certain other rights were concerned. Under coverture, wives could not control their own property unless specific provisions were made before marriage. They could not file lawsuits or be sued separately, nor could they execute contracts. The husband could use, sell or dispose of her property (again, unless prior provisions were made) without her permission. A woman who was subject to coverture was called  feme covert, and an unmarried woman or other woman able to own property and make contracts was called  feme solo.  The terms come from medieval Norman terms. In American legal history, changes in the late 18th and early 19th century began to extend  womens property rights; these changes  affected coverture laws. A widow was entitled, for instance, to a percentage of her husbands property after his death (dower), and some laws required a womans consent to the selling of property if it could affect her dower. Sir William Blackstone, in his 1765 authoritative legal text, Commentaries on the Laws of England, said this about coverture and the legal rights of married women: By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law: that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage, or at least incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband: under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs every thing; and is therefore called ... a feme-covert.... Blackstone went on to describe the status of a feme covert as covert-baron or under the influence and protection of her husband, in a relationship similar to that of a subject to a baron or lord.   He also noted that a husband could not grant to his wife anything such as property, and could not make legal agreements with her after marriage because it would be like gifting something to ones self or making a contract with ones self.  He also stated that contracts made between a future husband and wife were void upon marriage.   United States Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black is quoted saying, in a thought expressed by others before him, that the old common-law fiction that the husband and wife are one...has worked out in reality to mean...the one is the husband. Name Change at Marriage and Coverture The tradition of a woman taking her husbands name at marriage may be rooted in this idea of a woman becoming one with her husband and the one is the husband. Despite this tradition, laws requiring a married woman to take her husbands name were not on the books in the United Kingdom or the United States until Hawaii was admitted to the US as a state in 1959.  Common law permitted any person to change their name through life as long as it was not for fraudulent purposes. Nevertheless, in 1879, a judge in Massachusetts found that Lucy Stone could not vote under her maiden name and had to use her married name.  Lucy Stone had infamously kept her name upon her marriage in 1855, giving rise to the term Stoners for women who kept their names after marriage.   Lucy Stone had been among those who had won a limited right to vote, only for the school committee.  She refused to comply, continuing to use Lucy Stone, often amended by married to Henry Blackwell on legal documents and hotel registers. Pronunciation: KUV-e-cher or KUV-e-choorAlso Known As: cover, feme-covert

International Business Strategy Case Study Essay

International Business Strategy Case Study - Essay Example The later developments in the project suggested that the Shell has not been able to maintain the same level of control in the project. The overall bargaining power of Shell continuously declined owing to different factors despite the fact that it has been able to secure the relative favor from the government in the initial phase of the project. What is also important to understand that the negotiation process does not involved all the stakeholders in the project and resultant the take off of the project fell victim of the pressure to the various stakeholders involved in the project? According to the analysts, the deal has been in favor of both the parties owing to the fact that both the parties were better off during the negotiation process. One of the essential elements of good negotiation process is to ensure that a win win situation emerges for every player involved in the negotiation process. In these negotiations, both the parties to the negotiation were given the share in the p roject in such a manner that both the parties were better off at the end of negotiation. ... This was only the direct result of not involving all the stakeholders during the negotiation process. The overall shift in the bargaining power from Shell to Russian government therefore was owing to the fact that all the stakeholders were not adequately involved in the process thus resulting into a shift towards the greater bargaining power for the Russian government. This shift was also a result of the Russian policy of gaining direct control of the oil and gas exploration facilities while at the same time allowing foreign firms to actively involved in the exploration services while remaining under the direct control or supervision of State owned organizations such as Gazprom. Assessment of the group processes During the completion of the assignment and attending of different sessions, it became clear for me that the case study approach can provide students an opportunity to actually look into the real life examples and learn from them. The range of different case studies therefore provided a set of interesting case studies which held the overall interest and allowed me to learn the practical side of managing different aspects of an organization. What also went good were the composition of the class and the diversity of the students in the class. People of different background and experiences therefore allowed to put case studies in different perspectives and understand and explored different dynamics of the case studies. It is also important to note that the split of the tasks also allowed us to save time while at the same time gather more information about Russia and its oil and gas sector. This also allowed us to discuss with the students having specialized knowledge about oil and gas sector in order to broaden our overall scope of

Bussiness plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bussiness plan - Research Paper Example This is a leading factor for the adaptation of technologies and products that lead to the recycling of by-products from the environment. The recyclable compactor is something which the targeted markets will adapt. The reason for this is because those components that are considered as wastes can be compacted in a way that will make them easily disposable or easily adaptable to recycling. Growth Potential The market for the product is in the process of picking up. The main reason for this is because people are continually looking for ways through which wastes can be disposed in a better way. The whole concept is also new altogether. Initially people have been so much used to the idea of just having a regular bin for disposal of wastes. However, in the recent past contemporary and better methods are being adapted for all activities that are associated with waste disposal. This is a fact which will make the growth of the market something which will pick up in the near future. Associated Risks The positivity which is associated with this market is something which cannot be mentioned without looking at the negatives. There are also some potential risks which are associated with this product. The first risk which is easily identifiable is that of rejection by a significant part of the targeted market. ... Marketing Channels Various businesses use different approaches in the course of their marketing. It is imperative to note that the method, which is to be used, is largely dependent on the expansive market. The financial outlay is something which will influence the methods of advertising and marketing. The first thing, which is rather noteworthy, is to gain an understanding of these international markets. Thorough analysis has to be undertaken before the firm can even think of venturing into these markets. A feasibility study regarding the success of the business has to be done. This is particularly pertinent as it will serve to point out whether the business will stand a chance of success in the new market. This is as opposed to going blindly into these markets without prior knowledge. There are new and emerging trends, which business are employing in the course of their marketing. In this case, the first one which cannot go without mention, is the use of the internet. Firms have com e to realize that as opposed to the internet being only a source of information, it has stood out to be a highly effective tool when it comes to marketing. The main reason for this is because, through the internet a large audience can also be reached. This is a sort of strategy which has proven to be rather effective since to a greater extent it is cost-effective on the part of the business. At the same time, it is rather easy for the consumer to access this form of advertising beating in mind the wide internet usage in the present time. Delivery Methods There are a number of methods of delivery which can be looked at depending on the location of the customer. The markets in this case are in South and North America. The

Supermax facilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supermax facilities - Essay Example The reality cannot be worse for a prisoner in solitary confinement in a physically cramped condition for years with no social contact. The supermax reforms require an environment to which the inmates can relate both physically and socio-psychologically. It has to provide them with recreations, social interactions and activities in a way that would not contain even the subtlest hint of force. We have to stop the crude system of continuous watching and monitoring of each movement of the prisoners that reinforce in them the feeling of being no better than caged animals. More space needs to be created in these "modern-day dungeons" (Pupovac, 2008) that have become unmanageable for the sheer number of prisoners. I suggest humane practices like touching the prisoner with bare hand by the guards and not by wearing gloves and removal of the glass barrier to allow the prisoner to have a better communication with family and friends. These measures are necessary to convey to the prisoners that they are in the supermax for rehabilitation and not for cruel punishment. Training of the correctional administrators should include the very relevance of the prison system with emphasis on developing processes to make it more humane. In spite of the transition from the Big House to Contemporary Prisons and evolving race relations policy, racial discrimination is still visible in U.S. prisons.

Asian Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Asian Management - Essay Example In this context, the management has to be reformed in order to meet the requirements set by the constantly changing environment. Currently, management presents two forms covering the needs of privatised sector and SOEs. Under these terms, SOEs are subjects either to the line system (depended on the central industrial ministry) or the block system (representing the local government institutions). As of the main industrial areas in which SEOs operate, the following ones can be used as an indicative sample: oil, telecommunications, aviation, power and steel. The role of the management team to the performance of the above organizations has been considered as significant, however the presence of particular elements (like the close dependency from the central government or the use of a highly bureaucratic system when applying the managerial plans in practice) often create a net of negative influences to the management’s daily operations. In the modern industrial and economic environment, governments not only ‘shape their countrys economy but also their culture and penetrate deeply into the dynamics of organizations’. Moreover (Tjosvold, 2002, 741) organizations must be understood ‘within their larger context, in particular in terms of their dependence on government’. In this context, facilitative governments are ‘supportive of independent organizations, operate through predictable laws and regulations, and are strong, whereas nonfacilitative governments are hostile, erratic, and weak; organization and management in the embrace of government shows that nonfacilitative governments require managers to accommodate to complex dependencies’. Particularly regarding China, managers in private companies, ‘unsure how to cope with many vague and contradictory laws, indicated that they were dependent upon the good graces of government officials more than established state-owned enter prises (SOEs)’. On the other hand it has been proved (Zhu, 1994, 1, 12)

Discuss the impact of volcano-induced climate change in Earth's Term Paper

Discuss the impact of volcano-induced climate change in Earth's history - Term Paper Example This paper discusses how volcanic activities have caused climate change, and the resulting impact on earth’s history. How Volcanoes induce climate change Although large scale volcanic eruptions last only a few days, the effect of these eruptions on climate on the Earth can last for several years. At first, scientists believed that the dust emitted from volcanic eruptions blocked the solar radiation from reaching earth thereby leading to cooling of the earth. However, measurements later indicated that most of this ejected dust returns back to earth within six months of the volcanic eruption. The stratospheric data suggests that during large explosive volcanic eruptions, large quantities of greenhouse gases (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas are also expunged into the atmosphere. SO2 reacts with the water vapor in the stratosphere and converts to sulfate aerosols, which are sub-micron droplets containing 75% sulfuric acid. These aerosols form a dense optically bright haze layer. Typically, they stay in the stratosphere for 2-4 years. Now, the large quantities of greenhouse gases released by volcanoes trap the heat radiated off the surface of the earth and form a sort of insulation around the planet. Further, the volcanic aerosol clouds scatter a significant amount of incoming Sun’s radiation back to space. This effect is known as â€Å"radiative forcing† that can last for up to 2-3 years following a volcanic eruption. Due to these two combined effects, the Earth experiences a change in climate pattern (NASA, 2011). Evidence of climate change due to volcanic eruptions Observational evidence has also shown that volcanic eruptions and lowering of global temperatures are correlated. Four of the largest eruptions in the recent past have been associated with significant lowering of average global/regional temperatures (DGSDU, 2011) - the eruptions of Laki, Iceland in 1783, Mt Tambora, Indonesia in 1815, Krakatu, Indonesia in 1883, and two large vol canic eruptions occurred within a gap of one month in 1991 – one in Philippines (Pinatubo) and Chile (Mt Hudson) in 1991. Over the next two years, the mean world temperature was observed to have dropped by about 1 °C. Research on the recent eruption of Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland in 2010 showed that the effect of volcanoes on climate change could have been previously underestimated by 7 to 8 orders of magnitude (Boulon, Sellegri, Hervo, & Laj, 2011). This leads us to believe that there could have been a significant effect of volcano-induced climate change that significantly impacted the earth history. Impact on earth history The volcanic activity as we see today is only a small proportion of the level of volcanic activity of the historical past when large scale volcanic eruptions were much more common, long lasting, and frequent. Thus, the volcano induced climate change could possibly even have led to major changes in earth’s history. For example, approximately 70,000 years ago, a large scale volcanic eruption of Mt Toba, Sumatra may have caused a terribly cold winter leading to the coldest 1000 years of the Last Ice Age (Michigan Tech, 2011). Sev Kender conducted research on the middle Miocene period (16 to 11.5 million years ago) and found that super-volcanic eruptions may have caused terribly cold win

Environmental Management . response 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Management . response 1 - Essay Example Barrier effect restricts species exchange thereby threatening their survival. Roads increase extinction rates of species since restricted movement causes inbreeding depression, which can wipe an entire species (Underhill, 2002). These assertions are true since presence of a road in a wildlife habitat causes disturbance or affects migration routes and even destroys homes of the species. Moreover, the author asserts that, in some instances, fragmentation caused by road can be beneficial to the animal population since it can help the species to re-colonize new areas. However, I partially agree with this notion since it occurs rarely and depends on the extent or coverage of the roads. Further, the author argues that the presence of a road in wildlife habitat increases chances or prevalence of animals being involved in fatalities or accidents (Underhill, 2002). This assertion is true since when animals cross the road, there are high chances of being knocked over by vehicles and this can result in death or injuries to the affected animal. The author proposes that in order to curb roadway fatalities, as well as minimizing population fragmentation, there is a need to devise a system whereby wildlife can move freely to each side of the road without any problem (Underhill, 2002). This can be achieved through construction of underground tunnels during building of new roads. I believe this is a noble idea and should be implemented without considering the expenses or costs to be incurred. This is because wildlife is of higher value compared to the cost of resources to be used in constructing the underground tunnels. Therefore, it is logical to spend many resources in conserving and protecting wildlife than save the resources and later experience species loss and extinction, which is more

Discuss the impact of volcano-induced climate change in Earth's Term Paper

Discuss the impact of volcano-induced climate change in Earth's history - Term Paper Example This paper discusses how volcanic activities have caused climate change, and the resulting impact on earth’s history. How Volcanoes induce climate change Although large scale volcanic eruptions last only a few days, the effect of these eruptions on climate on the Earth can last for several years. At first, scientists believed that the dust emitted from volcanic eruptions blocked the solar radiation from reaching earth thereby leading to cooling of the earth. However, measurements later indicated that most of this ejected dust returns back to earth within six months of the volcanic eruption. The stratospheric data suggests that during large explosive volcanic eruptions, large quantities of greenhouse gases (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas are also expunged into the atmosphere. SO2 reacts with the water vapor in the stratosphere and converts to sulfate aerosols, which are sub-micron droplets containing 75% sulfuric acid. These aerosols form a dense optically bright haze layer. Typically, they stay in the stratosphere for 2-4 years. Now, the large quantities of greenhouse gases released by volcanoes trap the heat radiated off the surface of the earth and form a sort of insulation around the planet. Further, the volcanic aerosol clouds scatter a significant amount of incoming Sun’s radiation back to space. This effect is known as â€Å"radiative forcing† that can last for up to 2-3 years following a volcanic eruption. Due to these two combined effects, the Earth experiences a change in climate pattern (NASA, 2011). Evidence of climate change due to volcanic eruptions Observational evidence has also shown that volcanic eruptions and lowering of global temperatures are correlated. Four of the largest eruptions in the recent past have been associated with significant lowering of average global/regional temperatures (DGSDU, 2011) - the eruptions of Laki, Iceland in 1783, Mt Tambora, Indonesia in 1815, Krakatu, Indonesia in 1883, and two large vol canic eruptions occurred within a gap of one month in 1991 – one in Philippines (Pinatubo) and Chile (Mt Hudson) in 1991. Over the next two years, the mean world temperature was observed to have dropped by about 1 °C. Research on the recent eruption of Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland in 2010 showed that the effect of volcanoes on climate change could have been previously underestimated by 7 to 8 orders of magnitude (Boulon, Sellegri, Hervo, & Laj, 2011). This leads us to believe that there could have been a significant effect of volcano-induced climate change that significantly impacted the earth history. Impact on earth history The volcanic activity as we see today is only a small proportion of the level of volcanic activity of the historical past when large scale volcanic eruptions were much more common, long lasting, and frequent. Thus, the volcano induced climate change could possibly even have led to major changes in earth’s history. For example, approximately 70,000 years ago, a large scale volcanic eruption of Mt Toba, Sumatra may have caused a terribly cold winter leading to the coldest 1000 years of the Last Ice Age (Michigan Tech, 2011). Sev Kender conducted research on the middle Miocene period (16 to 11.5 million years ago) and found that super-volcanic eruptions may have caused terribly cold win

The Growth and Importance of English Essay Example for Free

The Growth and Importance of English Essay The definition of a global language, is a language which has been given a specific place within countries and communities around the world, even in places where there are very few native speakers of this language. Although English is not the most widely spoken language in the world in terms of the number of native speakers there are many more native Chinese speakers than native English speakers it is described as a global language and Chinese is not. This is because there are few other communities in the world that give Chinese, be it Mandarin or Cantonese, a particular use or function, probably due to the fact that its alphabet is so different from that which is used in the majority of the rest of the world. It is impossible to know exactly how many English speakers there are in the world, but according to estimates, there are more than 350 million native English speakers and more than 400 million speakers of English as a second, or foreign, language. These figures are especially impressive considering the fact that this mass popularity only came about in approximately the last three centuries. The English languages influence spans across the globe and is more influential in the world of media, communication, business and government than any other, even in certain countries where English is used, or regarded, as a minority language. It is the language of maritime communication and international air traffic control and is acknowledged as the language of popular culture primarily in the entertainment fields of cinema and music. The English languages earliest origins are from the Germanic language group. This group began as a common language about 3,000 years ago. Many different European languages developed from this Germanic group, depending on which part of this sector the region of the Elbe river they were closer to. For example, North Germanic evolved into the modern Scandinavian languages of Swedish, Danish, Norwegian and Icelandic; and East Germanic, which was adopted by Southeast European countries. West Germanic, however, is the language from which English developed, along with German, Dutch and Flemish. This West Germanic language first came over to Britain in the 5th Century when Germanic peoples from Jutland (the Jutes) and Denmark (the Saxons) invaded. They forced the original inhabitants the Celts to the outskirts of Britain Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Ireland. It is for this reason that the a lot of the original Celtic language still remains in the Scottish, Irish and Welsh languages. The Germanic invaders language was almost identical to Modern Frisian, the language which is now referred to as Old English. Depending on where in Britain the Jutes and the Saxons settled, new dialects emerged. The most prominent of these being Northumbrian in the North of England, Mercian in the Midlands, West Saxon in the South and West, and Kentish in the Southeast. Around two hundred years later, during the 8th Century, the Vikings invaded Britain from Scandinavia. As with the original Germanic invaders, they brought with them a new language dimension Old Norse. This language however, was itself descended from North Germanic and so was very similar to the Old English which was being spoken in England. As the language spoken throughout Scandinavia at the time was mostly understandable by the Anglo-Saxons, they brought, with relative ease, many new words to the language of England, especially to the Northern regions. In 1066, the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, did as name suggests, and invaded and conquered England, and its Anglo-Saxon inhabitants. As with the Viking invasion two hundred and fifty years previously, the new rulers of England brought with them a specific addition to the language. However, also like the Vikings, the language spoken by the Normans had descended from the Germanic group and was called Anglo-Norman. However, it was in fact a French dialect which had simply been influenced by Germanic language features. It therefore was unlike the languages which had been brought to England during the previous two conquests, as it featured Latin based lexis and grammar, but with a basic Germanic heredity. Although Old English had already been remotely influenced by Latin during the Roman occupation of Britain during the 7th Century, the language of England now properly incorporated distinct Latinate linguistic features. The mixture of these two languages French and Old English came to be known as Middle English. The French dimension began to slowly dilute itself however, when the original Norman rulers lost ownership of Normandy when it was conquered by the French King in 1204, and therefore lost contact with the province they had once owned, and focused on their main land England. The Middle English language remained more or less the same for several centuries (apart from inevitable lexical developments) until the late 1400s, when a great invention revolutionised the English language and became the last major factor in the development of Modern English. This ground-breaking device was the printing press, which was created by William Caxton in 1476. It made such a significant impact because, for the first time ever, the English language could be written and produced in mass amounts relatively easily. This meant that news could be spread quicker and with less difficulty, as bulletins, leaflets and books could be produced in large quantities at a lower price, as writing was no longer done by hand and therefore took a lot less time. As books were now cheaper, the literacy rate rose and the masses began to educate themselves. Reading was therefore no longer reserved for the nobility. This also meant, however, that the English language had to be standardised for everyone to be able to read it with the same facility. The dialect of London, where the first printing press and most of the future publishing houses were located, therefore became the standard way of writing. Spelling and grammar rules were fixed and the Middle English dialect, finally became the standardised language that we know it to be today. This was later confirmed in 1604, when the first ever English language dictionary was published. So, now that English had more or less fully developed itself, how did it, instead of other, ancient languages such as Latin, Greek, Arabic and Chinese grow to become so powerful and overtake these well-established languages in between Shakespeares era and the 20th Century? The first reason is the exploration and colonisation of distant countries and areas around the world by Britain who, at the height of its empires rule (late 19th and early 20th Century), ruled over 1/3 of the world. The British explorers travelled far and wide, conquering regions and establishing English as their primary language, as a means of exerting a civilising influence on countries within the empire, and in order to demonstrate their superiority. Many of these colonies, most of which have since become independent, still use English as their principal or official language, for example the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, Nigeria, the Philippines, and Malaysia. This is due to the fact that many of these countries have numerous different regional dialects, for example in India (which utilises English as its official language) a census recorded over 200 different mother tongues even though the Indian constitution recognises only 18 official Indian langu ages. The colonisation of the United States in particular made a great impact upon the use of English as a global language. As early as during the 1750s, renowned philosopher and writer David Hume rightly stated that, Our solid and increasing establishments in America promise a superior stability and duration to the English language. This is because during the 1800s, England was firmly establishing itself as the workshop of the world, and with the onset of the Industrial Revolution, during which, England paved the way for the invention of technological wonders, America gained speed in the race for economic power. With the invention, in the early 1900s, of steam technology, came the real breakthrough in the globalisation of the English language, as the press became mechanised and so news about British and American technological developments travelled further, and more frequently, to the colonies by the new railways and steamships. The news of these miraculous inventions now reached the rest of the world with such haste, and international markets soon realised that if they wanted to make a significant impact during the Industrial Revolution, they had to improve their knowledge of what technology was being invented. As much of this technology came from England and America, the directions about how to use the machinery were written in  English and so foreign traders had to learn English, or at least have enough capability to ensure basic understanding. In fact, it has been stated that when all of the industrial and scientific developments from America are added to those from Britain, it can be calculated that over half of the significant technological yield of the Industrial Revolution was written in English. These technological advancements that were being made had widespread linguistic consequences. New terminology used to describe the industrial and scientific developments was invented, and rapidly became part of the English language, adding thousands of words to the already growing lexicon. These newly improved modes of transportation (steamships) also helped the expansion of English, as travel and exploration became easier. New lands were being discovered and so the English language was able to spread even further. For example, in 1769, British explorer James Cook discovered Australia and by 1790, Britain had already set up its first penal colony in Sydney, in order to relieve the pressure on the overcrowded English prisons. It became the destination for British convicts who had been declared criminally incurable. However, the convicts thrived and began farming, which built up a reasonable economy. The population increased, and eventually Australia was no longer regarded as the island made up solely of prisoners, and it became an economically developed continent with English as its mother tongue. Slavery was also a way of spreading the English language. During the 1700s, Westerners began to take Africans from their native land, which had already almost entirely been colonised by the Europeans, and exported them back to their own countries as a means of free labour. Even once they had been shipped abroad, their captors were worried that they would band together and revolt against them. The way in which they decided to stop this from happening was by grouping up the slaves by what language they spoke. Those who were from the same parts of Africa or who spoke the same language or dialect were separated. They were now helpless they could not communicate with each other in order to rise against their new masters, which was  exactly what their owners wanted. However, in order to be able to get these slaves to work for them, the Westerners had to teach them their own language. As many slaves were transported to America in particular, they were taught how to speak English. This language became their only means of communication with not only their masters, but with each other as well. The English language was thus expanded even further. It was also from this that the black vernacular of today developed itself. Although during the first half of the 19th Century (the beginning of the Industrial Revolution) new transport systems were developed (as mentioned above) and vastly improved communications between countries and continents, the real breakthroughs came in the second half of the century. This was the invention of the telegraph and then the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell, which made interpersonal contact across countries almost instantaneous. These means of communication greatly helped the growth of the English language, because they are widely regarded as two of the most influential developments of the century, and were either patented, developed or created by an American. By the end of the 19th Century therefore, America had overtaken Britain, as well as everyone else, as the worlds fastest growing economy. By the early 20th Century, Britain and the United States were known for their economic imperialism they together invested more money than any other country in the world and were known as the global economic trade capitals. The rest of the world could see how much money these two countries were making and therefore wanted to join them, however, like with the Industrial Revolution, to do so, they had to learn the economic language, which at this point in history, was most definitely English. David Crystal states that If the metaphor money talks has any meaning at all, those were the days when it was shouting loudly and the language in which it was shouting was chiefly English. Today English is incredibly wide-spread and it is constantly expanding. The main reason for this, in my opinion, is because of the media. The first medium through which English is, and was, spread is through newspapers.  Everybody needs to know what is going on, in not only their country, but abroad as well. Newspapers are the main publication which are indispensable, because no matter what scientific or technological developments are created, the world will still need this type of information delivered through this simple and cost-effective medium. This is why the fact that five thousand newspapers, more than half of the newspapers published in the world, are published in English, is so important to the constant growth of the English language. Television and cinema are other forms of media which greatly helped English get to the position it has reached today. The technology of this industry was first developed in Europe and America during the 19th Century, and by 1900, Britain and France were leading the way in the art of filmmaking. The First World War stopped them in their tracks however, which gave America the chance to gain dominance within the field. Feature films were developed, and the actors became stars across the world, thus solidifying Americas control over the film industry, which it still maintains today. Their industry is the largest and richest, and therefore the films which are produced, are sent off all around the world where they are subtitled (or dubbed). Through watching these movies, people abroad are learning the English language, whilst being entertained. The same can be said of the power which American television has over the world, and its obvious benefits. For example, two hundred and fifty million Chinese people (more than the population of the United States itself) are learning English on TV. Popular culture, in particular pop music, also affected and is still affecting the growth and spread of the English language. The phonograph the first machine which could ever record and reproduce sound, was invented in America in 1877 by American, Thomas A. Edison. Most of the significant technological developments made in the record industry therefore took place in America. The invention of LP disks and records was obviously not the beginning of music, but it gave music the ability to travel across the world without the composer or artist having to travel themselves. It therefore  allowed other countries to experience foreign music, especially American music, which was increasingly popular because of its often fast-paced beat which was ideal for dancing, which symbolised the carefree notion which Europe, during the First World War, craved. In conclusion, the English languages label of global language is one which is entirely founded. It has proved its dominance all around the world, its power has spanned many centuries, and today, with the internet the means of communication of the future recording 94% of its sites as being written in English, it is safe to say that it will continue to do so for many future generations.

Learning In The Educational And Health And Social Care Sector Education Essay

Learning In The Educational And Health And Social Care Sector Education Essay Learning is a life long process. It helps to acquire the knowledge to a person or a group of persons by using different theories and methods with the help of a lecturer or by self. This assignment shows the different theories, styles, , factors affecting in learning , methods barriers of learning in the educational and health and social care sector. DOMAINS OF LEARNING Cognitive Psychomotor Affective COGNITIVE DOMINE This domain is mainly based on the knowledge. It have three practical and instructional levels such as , factor, understanding, and the application. The  fact  level consist of identity and list. The understanding level consist of three, they are describe, compare and contrast together. The typical verb contains explain, apply and analyse. This domain will deliver as lectures , presentations etc. and the evaluation will be objective and subjective.   PSYCHOMOTAR DOMINES Psychomotor domain is based on the skills of the individual. The three practical instructional level is imitation practice and habit. In the first level of this domain contains the delivary of the subject, second level will be the observation by the instructor, and the third level the learner will build the experirience. AFFECTIVE DOMINE Affective domain is based up on the behavioural aspects and may be labelled as beliefs. The three levels in the affective domain are  awareness, distinction,  and  integration.  The verbs for this domain are generally limited to words like  display, exhibit,  and  accept  and these apply at all the levels. The first two levels of the domains really cognitive;  integration  is behavioural and requires the learner to evaluate and synthesize. The content of this domain will usually involve discussions. The testing in the first two levels will be cognitive, whereas the third level will required an affective checklist. LEARNING STYLE Activist Activist will Jumps in at the deep end enthusiastic looks for new experiences likes to be centre of attention. Always likes to do new experiments. They are open minded and flexible. They always enjoys the new situations, they likes challenges. Pragmatist. Pragmatists are not happy with listening to theories and ideas. People with a pragmatist learning style like facts to fantasy. In the educational settings, they enjoy writing and reading nonfiction or doing writing activities such as outlines, research papers, making lists, filling in charts and labelling the scientific diagrams Rflector These people are very care full in every jobs, openions, thinking, etc. They will follow a methodological approach .The reflective learning style is a learning style which consists of absorbing, rather than acting on, new information. A reflective learner need time to think through an idea and its ramifications, while an active learner prefers to jump in and test theories immediately. Theorist Theorists are the vertical thinkers. They are rational and objective. The will follow always in a disciplined approach. They want to ask questions or they like questioning. The negative of theorist is they are lateral thinkers, they will in tolerate anything, like subjective or intuitive. THEORIE OF LEARNING Behavioural theory Cognitive theory Gestalt Theory Humanistic Theory BEHAVIORAL THEORY. These are the theories which includes the leadership which do not seek inborn traits or capabilities. A behavioural theorist always looks look at what the leaders actually  doing. BEHAVIORIST Principles of Behaviourist are they will do small and concrete and progressively sequenced tasks. They will think about the positive and negative reinforcement. They are very consistent in using the reinforcement during the teaching and learning process. If they learned once then the intermittent reinforcement will promote retention. COGNITIVE THEORY The cognitive theory is mainly based on the mind and the functions based on the brain. It include thinking , knowing, memorising, and communicating, and the connection between them, and how they are working together. In this theory, the mind will work . In this theory experience is the main shaping factor of the personality. It sees the mind as a set-out frame waiting to be filled, rather than one shaped by experience. The cognitive theory is the only one to clearly state that a persons behaviour is certainly shaped by surroundings, not only internal drives. What the one would do surrounded by peers is completely different from what the same person would do in a strange their setting. GESTALT THEORY Gestalt means that when the parts identified individually have different characteristics to the whole (Gestalt= organised whole) e.g. describing a tree its parts are trunk, branches, leaves, perhaps blossoms or the fruit. But when you looks at an entire tree, you are not conscious of the parts, you are aware of the overall object only the tree. Parts are of secondary importance even though they can be clearly seen. HUMANASTIC THEORY The focus of the humanistic theory is based on the emotional feelings of the human beings. In this theory the learner are free to choose their own behaviour, rather than reacting to environmental stimuli and reinforces. Issues dealing with self-esteem, self-fulfilment, and needs are . The major focus of this theory is to facilitate personal development. LEARNING THEORY AND LEARNING STYLE IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE FIELD. HUMANISTIC THERAPY IN PSYCHOLOGY The humanistic approach in the health care field is mainly used in the psychatrist treatments like counselling. Because this theory is based on the emotional feelings of the human beings. According to this theory, the human beings have an intimate tendency to develop some potentials. But, some times this potentials will destroy our life and living conditions. Some times our lovable people will act as a stranger. Because they are not aware about the inner feelings, which are taking place in the persons mind. The aim of a councillor or a psychotherapist is that to provide an environment, in which the client will not feel the insecurity. This will help the client to enable more security and self esteem about themselves. The psychotherapist or the councellor will will understand the clients problem through the communication with him. The positive point of this therapy is it gives more important for the humanistic values and approaches. This attitudes helps the client to build a relationship with the client and the therapist. FACTORS INFLUENCING LEARNING Motivation Motivation helps the learner to learn more . The teacher should have the capacity to motivate their students. Environment The environmental factors affects in the learning. The suitable environment gives more concentration for the learning. Communication The communication between the student and the teacher will help to reduce the distance between them.The communication the medium of the communication should be well understand by the speaker/ the lecturer and the listener/the learner. Some of the important communicative medias are audio visual,newspapers,internets etc. Time available. The management of the time is very important in the learning. The lecture should know how to complete the needs of learner with in the time limit Culture In every culture there are different type of cultural learning style. Many of the countries are developing and undeveloped once. When these countries learning styles are compared to the developed countries the educational level will be in high standard. So the teaching styles and methods are varies from one culture to another. It may be difficult to understand the nonverbal messages because different cultures have the different expectations about eye contact, physical touch, body gestures, etc. Preparation The lecture should have an idea about each learner, what they are, their learning and under standing capacity, which learning style is suitable for the each learner. Lecture should can arrange each learners documents in a folder including their learning needs. Learning Goals The lecture should have the capacity to clear up the learners doubts. Teach them about the procedures in the ward. Legal barriers Check all the legal documents of the learner in which includes the educational level, if the worker is from out side country check the passport, visa, CRB, language level etc. BARRIERS TO LEARNING. Barriers of learning are the factors which are affecting in the learning of the individual. It may be physical factors, neurological factors, and mental factors. Language Mental stress and tension. Attention Visual aids Informations. Dyslexia Dyspraxia Language. In the learning process the language is an important factor . Language helps the learners to understand the learning subject. A learning process will complete when all the learniners are listening the lecture. For a proper process of learning attention is very important. So before taking to lecture the lecture should make sure that the employees are ready to listen the classes. This will make to progress in their thinking from where they are. Visual Aids The visual aids helps in learning by change of focus. They help to create attention. If the class has to focus on the lecturer all the time, the pressure on the lecture to perform is acute. When the lecturer switch the OHP or slide projector attention of the learners will be pointing to the screen and away from the face of the lecturer. Learning by visual method will help to concentrate more than in the audio classes. Mental Stress and Tension The mental stress and tension will affects the learning process. The causes of the tension may be due to the family problems and the personal problems. Dyslexia The term Dyslexia  is a broad term which is using to define a  learning disability  that impairs a persons ability to read,  and which can manifest itself as a difficulty with  phonological awareness,  phonological decoding,  orthographic coding,  auditory short-term memory, and /or  rapid naming.  Dyslexia is a separate and distinct from the reading difficulties resulting from other causes, such as a non-neurological deficiency with vision or hearing, or from poor or inadequate  reading instructions.  It is believed that dyslexia can affect between 5 to 10 percent of a given population although there has been no studies to indicate an accurate percentage. Dyspraxia. The condition dyspraxia, it   is a motor learning difficulty that can affect planning of the movements and the co-ordination as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body.  It may be diagnosed as the complete or partial absence of other motor or sensory impairments. PROFESSIONAL SKILL IN LEARNING These are the skills of the lecturer and the student in the field of learning. These professional skills helps the lecturer to know about the students and their problems. In health and social care sector all the procedures are take place under some particular knowledge and theories. Professional skills are the ability of students to learn and at the same time it is the ability of teachers to teach the students. In health sector, the carer or a nurse should have the capacity to understand their clients problem. Thee clients they may be not active in their communication, but the worker should understand their problems through the observational method . This is one of the method of professional skills. In the hospital sector the nurse will understand the problems of the patient by seeing the physical appearance and the activities they are doing. In psychological sector, the councillor or the psychiatrist will communicate with them through a long discussions. Through this discussion he c an understand the problems of the patient. LEARNING STATERGIES. Learning strategies are the methods which are using by the students to complete the learning task. Many of the teaching management and teachers are using these learning strategies to improve the learning and teaching skills. The lectures use different types of strategies like visual aids, audio methods, demonstrations, group discussions etc.. Learning strategies, however, they are the tools that learner themselves can employ independently to complete a language task. For an instance, a learner who needs to learn a list of vocabulary words might draw a picture to remember each word. The commonly used learning strategies are given bellow, Less Strategies Lecture Demonstrations Discussions Seminar Tutorial Shared strategies Practical Simulation and games Role play Recourse based learning Films / TV programs Visits Student strategies Distance learning /flexi study Discovery projects/research Real life experience. PRESENT TEACHING STATERGIES IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE SECTOR. The present learning or instructional strategies helps to achieve learning goals. It includes the pre instructional activities, learner activities, testing, and follow-through determine the approach for achieving the  learning goals. The strategies are based on the interest of the students and teachers. Because the teacher determines which type of learning strategy is applicable in each student learning . The present health and social care system helps the learners to improve their learning styles by the help of learning strategies. The learning strategies are commonly using in the social and health sector is as follows, Discussions   there are many methods using in discussion strategies. The are the discussions, demonstrations, lectures etc. For example, when the lecturer will discussing the learning topic to the students, then the lecturer will understand the learning difficulties of the student. Through this they can make improvement in the difficulties. Reading comprehension Strategy, the reading comprehension strategy helps to understand the aspect about the material. It helps to determine the vocabulary, writing structure etc. This will makes understand , that, what is the reason for reading. This helps for the teacher to understand about the learner regarding reading skills , interest, motivation, and experience . Semantic Mapping Strategy,This strategy helps to understand or it is using as a technique to motivativate the students and make them to involve in the full learning process. This will include, Selection of topic, diaplaying the target topic. And finaly the students will make some points regarding the topic, the lecturer should divide the student as some groups according to their intellectual abilities. And they will discuss about the topic. Integrating Technology, N In these days the educational sector realised that the application of modern technologies will give more values in the learning. Integrating the technology into a course curriculum when the appropriate is proving to be valuable for the enhancing and the extending the learning experience for the faculty and for the students or the learners . Many faculty have found electronic mail to be a useful way to promote student/student or faculty/student communication between class meetings and to inform about the working programs. Others are using list serves or on-line notes to extend the topic discussions and explore critical issues with students and colleagues, or discipline- specific software to increase student understanding of difficult concepts. Cooperative Learning . This is a method in which a groupe of people a re working together or learning together for to achieve a same goal. The term Collaborative Learning is commonly used as a synonym for cooperative learning when, in fact, it stands as a separate strategy that encompasses a broader range of group interactions such as developing learning communities, and stimulating worker/faculty discussions, and encouraging electronic exchanges. In this the full involvement of faculty and the management involves in the learning process. CONCLUSSION The proper training and the teaching of the students with the all suitable learning theories and the learning styles helps the student and the teacher to acquire the knowledge.